The link between incentives and economic growth suggests a certain trade-off between equity and efficiency

Which of the following is NOT a normative economic statement?

A) States should reduce the tax on heating fuel oil during the winter. B) The price of gasoline is too high. C) People over the age of 75 should not be allowed to drive cars. D) Teenagers are responsible for most driving fatalities. E) We don't spend enough money on anti-smoking campaigns.

Which of the following will cause the average fixed cost curve of making cigarettes to shift?

A) a $5 million penalty charged to each cigarette maker B) a $1 per pack tax on cigarettes C) a $3 per hour wage increase D) an increase in the demand for cigarettes