When is ventilator dependence likely to occur? 1. When ventilatory capacity exceeds demand 2. When arterial hypoxemia is present 3. When the patient is malnourished 4. When the cardiovascular system is unstable

a. 2 and 4 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only

ANS: D
Other factors that may contribute to ventilator dependence include inadequate arterial oxygena-tion, poor tissue oxygen (O2) delivery, myocardial ischemia, arrhythmias, low cardiac output, and cardiovascular instability.