Mo learned information in her position by speaking with secretaries and clerks in informal settings, such as in the lunchroom. This is an example of what kind of message system?

As an advocate for a proposition of fact, you may use presumption as a way of identifying common practices and experiences that relate to your subject. What other use might you make of presumption?

(a) Presumption may be used as a method for analyzing your audience to discover what sources of information and what kinds of reasoning the audience will find most credible for arguments on this subject. (b) Presumption may be used to discover the issues and their supporting arguments that will encourage the audience to accept that the primary inference for your proposition of fact is probably true. (c) Presumption may be used to locate an immediate cause that signifies something important about the topic. (d) Presumption may be used to determine what objections the opposition may raise so that you can develop preemptive arguments.

When showing a presentation aid during a speech, you should

a. just show it and not spend time explaining what they can see for themselves. b. leave the aid up for the duration of the speech so the audience has time to absorb it. c. remove the aid after it has been fully explained. d. make sure each aid can be referenced multiple times for relevance.