Assume the desired reserve ratio is 10 percent, banks loan all excess reserves and the currency drain is zero. If the Fed sells $100 million of U.S. government securities to Boise Bank, the monetary base increases by

Which of the following best represents monitoring and enforcement costs?

A) Dinesh has to spend time and effort to make sure that the chemical factory is living up to the agreed upon bargain that it will reduce the pollution it is releasing into the local river by 50 percent. B) Laila needs to come up with enough cash to pay the owners of the paper manufacturing plant, its attorneys, accountants, and negotiators so that a bargain can be reached with the paper manufacturer to reduce air pollution. C) Esperanza has to spend time and effort locating and organizing all the other people who have been adversely affected by the strong odors emanating from the local slaughterhouse in order to initiate the bargaining process. D) Rafael has to spend time determining whether the fertilizer manufacturer, the lead smelter, or the oil refinery is the cause of pollution seeping into the groundwater in his local community.

The range in which a duopoly's output falls is less than or equal to the output level in ________ and more than or equal to the output level in ________

A) monopolistic competition; monopoly B) monopolistic competition; perfect competition C) perfect competition; monopoly D) monopoly; monopolistic competition E) monopoly; perfect competition