Which of the following are NOT contractual savings institutions?

Suppliers recognize there is a shortage in the market for their product when they notice that

a. the quantity supplied exceeds the quantity demanded b. the quantity demanded is falling c. inventories are falling d. production exceeds new orders for the product e. government economists announce a shortage exists

According to the classical view, to prevent price level changes when real output is growing by 3 percent per year,

a. the money supply must decrease by 3 percent per year b. the money supply must increase by 3 percent per year c. the money supply must increase by more than 3 percent per year d. the money supply must remain constant e. velocity must decrease by 3 percent per year