In an automated warehouse, orders are fed directly from the retailer's information system into the wholesaler's, and the items are picked up by mechanical devices and taken to a shipping platform where they are assembled

The extent to which people believe that they control their fate through their own efforts is called _____.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

Jack started a construction company. To protect his personal assets from the claims of creditors and claimants, he decided to incorporate the business. Incorporating the business illustrates which method of risk treatment?

(a) retention (b) noninsurance transfer (c) avoidance (d) loss control