The first skill to typically develop from the list below is

Edward Tolman pioneered the study of cognitive processes in learning by designing experiments in which

a. conditioned reinforcers were used instead of primary reinforcers. b. one-to-one associations between stimuli and responses could not explain animals' behavior. c. animals' biological preparation to learn certain associations was experimentally manipulated. d. the operant chamber could be used to test animal cognitions.

The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as __________

a) a defense mechanism. b) problem-focused coping. c) self-focused coping. d) emotion-focused coping.