If the labor supply curve is vertical, an adverse supply shock causes ________ in employment and ________ in the real wage

If the customer moves first with a high price what is the best response of the shopkeeper

a. Accept the high price happily b. Walk away from the deal c. Throw the haggling customer out of your store d. Laugh at the customer's face

Refer to the diagram, which relates to Firm A. Which of the following would shift A's average total cost curve from ATC 1 to ATC 2 ?

A.  Replacement of old equipment with new, more productive equipment embodying technological advance.
B.  A decrease in the incomes of A's customers.
C.  A move along A's total product curve (not shown).
D.  The increase in the price of one of the major inputs used to produce A's product.