______ are tools, approaches, or methods that policy makers have available to use in order to formulate a policy.

When political bureaucratic appointees conflict with career civil servants, ______.

a. compromises generally result in strengthened agencies and clearer policies b. stalemates result very infrequently c. the political appointees generally win because they have the power to enforce their edicts d. political appointees can be trusted to give up first because they are more interested in advancing their careers e. political appointees have the advantage of a higher position of authority, but civil servants can stall to slowly kill policy changes

Overall, the U.S. foreign policy process generally operates under which of the following conditions?

a. Compromises and conflicts between the president and Congress b. Policy groups with rational and strategic actors c. Iron triangles, or closed-policy subsystems d. Multiple, constraining, and competing interests