Which one of the following theories considers nature to be a more contributing factor than

The encoding-specificity principle suggests that

a. we recall something better if we are in the same context in which we originally learned the material. b. we recall something better if we are in a context that is moderately different from the original learning contextâ€"not too similar, and not too different. c. recall depends upon how specific the instructions are; vague instructions lead to poor recall. d. it is more effective to encode material during learning than to decode the material during recall.

Ronald is in the first grade and is given an addition

worksheet to complete. At one point on the worksheet, the problems 2 + 5 = and 5 + 2 = are side-by-side. Ronald uses his fingers to count out each problem, although the same numbers are used but in a different order. Ronald is illustrating his lack of a. reversibility. b. object permanence. c. animism. d. egocentricism.