How much of the variance in personality traits is likely due to environment?

What term describes a person who typically expects the worst so that they can be surprised or even relieved when the worst does not happen?

a. defensive optimists b. defensive pessimists c. strategic pessimists d. reverse optimists

Ahmed had always known Farsi and English, ever since he could remember. It is called ________ when children learn two languages from an early age

Fill in the blank with correct word.