Virginia tells her mom that "there is no Santa Claus" and as evidence, presents the fact that most of the gifts that are supposed to come from Santa have labels from Target, Wal-Mart, and other retail stores. Virginia's questioning of Santa appears to be based on the concept of

Which of the following may be a reason that disrupted sleep has a more pronounced effect on the cognitive functioning and emotional adjustment of low-SES children?

A) Low-SES children are less likely to cosleep, which harms their sense of security while asleep. B) Insufficient sleep heightens the impact of other environmental stressors prevalent in their daily lives. C) Low-SES children do not take regular naps, so disrupted nighttime sleep is more harmful to them. D) Disrupted sleep cycles cause children's cortisol levels to rise, which is particularly harmful in low-SES children.

The most severe challenge to be faced during adulthood is probably __________

a. divorce b. loss of one's job c. retirement d. death of a spouse