Of the following levels of research, which one represents the lowest level of constraint?

Because each party in a party system may rely on the support of certain "types" of voters (such as the New Deal Democrats enjoying strong support among farmers),

A) the outcome of elections is always clear. B) the parties don't have to do anything to win elections. C) there is little geographic stability from election to election. D) there are only few contested, "battleground" states in each election. E) there are few core supporters for each party.

A lobbyist routinely emails, telephones, and meets with a group of moderate congressmen regarding his interest group. This communication is called

a. indirect lobbying. b. direct lobbying. c. blitzing. d. contracting. e. public interest lobbying.