A common criticism of many psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives on personality development is that they are _____

Studies of observational learning demonstrate that

a. nonhuman species cannot learn by imitation. b. learning can occur in the absence of personal experience. c. television viewing has more influence on behavior than direct observation of live events. d. people learn antisocial behaviors (but not prosocial behaviors) through observation. e. reward has a greater influence on our behavior than does punishment.

Bryson has been diagnosed with oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). The disorder began around age twelve and is characterized by disobedient and hostile behavior toward authority figures. What aspect of this case is unusual?

A. It is unusual for children with ODD to be boys. B. It is unusual for the onset of ODD to occur at age twelve. C. It is unusual for children with ODD to be hostile toward authority figures. D. Nothing about this case is unusual.