A school district had to decide which of two equally qualified, equally senior employees to lay off. Invoking its affirmative action plan, the district retained an African-American and laid off the white teacher. The court would rule that:

a. Title VII was violated because there was no evidence that African-Americans were underutilized as teachers and affirmative action cannot be used to make layoff decisions
b. Title VII was violated because diversity is not a compelling government interest necessitating consideration of race
c. Title VII was not violated because using race as a "tie-breaker" is a lawful form of affirmative action
d. Title VII was not violated because the school district demonstrated that the layoff was the only way to maintain a faculty that reflected the racial composition of the student body
e. Title VII was not violated because the layoff was only temporary and did not excessively burden the white teacher

A