It is considered to be acceptable for research participants to be exposed to risk or discomfort ____.?

a. ?when the risk and discomfort is temporary and only occurs during the experiment
b. ?only when minimal risk and discomfort are outweighed by the benefit to the knowledge base and to human welfare
c. ?when nonhuman participants are also used as a comparison
d. ?when participants are paid for their involvement with the study before participating

ANSWER:
b