Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from

What can be done to decrease memory disruption caused by electroconvulsive shock?

a) use a strong shock b) use small electrodes c) allow more time to pass between learning and shock d) apply electrodes to both hemispheres to distribute the shock

Believers in ESP sometimes claim that paranormal abilities (like mental telepathy and others) cannot be researched because laboratory settings are unnatural and scientists are too skeptical about the existence of ESP

This leads to a problem regarding the principle of a. falsifiability b. credibility c. parapsychology d. explanation