When a Hb molecule accumulates excessive amounts of HCO3–, it is expelled from the cell in exchange for Cl–. What is this called?
a. Bohr effect
b. Haldane effect
c. Hamburger phenomenon
d. Hydrolysis phenomenon
ANS: C
As the hydrolysis of carbon dioxide continues, HCO3– ions begin to accumulate in the erythro-cyte. To maintain a concentration equilibrium across the cell membrane, some of these anions diffuse outward into the plasma. Because the erythrocyte is not freely permeable by cations, electrolytic equilibrium must be maintained by way of an inward migration of anions. This is achieved by the shifting of chloride ions (Cl–) from the plasma into the erythrocyte, a process called the chloride shift, or the Hamburger phenomenon.
You might also like to view...
Which of the following statements regarding critical incident stress management at the scene of a multiple-casualty incident is correct?
A) Critical incident stress management should begin only after all patients have been cared for appropriately. B) At a multiple-casualty incident, rescuers are unable to self-heal and they lose their resiliency to cope with the stress. C) Rescuers should be encouraged, but not forced, to report to the rehabilitation sector for a stress debriefing. D) Critical incident stress management is a crucial and mandatory part of any disaster and should be enforced.
The type of compressor that is used by hospitals to supply wall compressed air has which of the following?
a. Piston b. Bellows c. Rotating blades d. Moving diaphragm