An airline industry study recently reported, "Evidence is abundant that larger firms are not more efficient or less costly simply because they are larger. In fact, other things equal, the largest carriers tend to have a higher level of unit costs, possibly caused by the difficulties of managing an airline of large size." This means that
a. there are increasing returns to scale in the airline industry.
b. the airline industry has constant returns to scale.
c. the larger airlines are not profitable.
d. airlines are experiencing decreasing returns to scale.
d
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Holding the level of prices fixed implies that a given increase in aggregate demand
A) will have a smaller effect on real GDP than would be the case if prices were more flexible. B) will have a larger effect on real GDP than would be the case if prices were more flexible. C) has the same effect on real GDP as when prices are more flexible. D) has a smaller effect on nominal GDP than when prices are more flexible.
If the U.S. government decided to pay off the national debt by creating money, what would be the most likely effect?
a. a substantial reduction in real GDP b. a deflationary collapse c. rapid inflation d. an increase in the trade surplus