Kaitlin describes herself as unmotivated. She has not felt rewarded by her attempts to succeed at school or work and, therefore, has given up trying. How might a psychologist who adopts a strict behaviorist approach account for Kaitlin's behavior?
a. Kaitlin believes that she cannot succeed and, therefore, avoids putting herself in situations where she might fail.
b. Kaitlin has a history of not being reinforced for trying to succeed and, therefore, has stopped trying.
c. Kaitlin focuses too much on negatives and does not have a positive outlook on life.
d. Kaitlin has low levels of the trait known as extraversion.
Answer: B
Rationale: Behaviorists have argued that personality is shaped by reward and punishment across different situations.
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