A strength of correlational research is that it can be used to determine cause and effect

You are conducting an experiment to determine if listening to music while studying improves learning. If there was no difference between the test performance of the experimental and control groups, then we can conclude that

a. extraneous variables were not controlled. b. the two groups were not randomly assigned. c. listening to music while studying improves learning. d. listening to music while studying had no effect on learning.

A research assistant in a lab conditions dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell. During conditioning, the assistant rings a bell and then presents the dog with food. After conditioning, the dog salivates when it hears the bell. The bell is the _____ stimulus, and the food is the _____ stimulus.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).