_____________ was the Democratic Party political machine that played a major role in controlling New York City politics and helping immigrants (most notably the Irish) rise up in American politics from the 1790s to the 1960s.

A metropolitan reform strategy that divides public services into those performed by a metropolitan central government and those performed by local governments is called a:

A. two-tiered government. B. city-county consolidation. C. special district. D. metropolitan statistical area.

Groupthink occurs when

a. no improvement in the collective interests of the individual actors is possible. b. it is impossible to reach acceptable collective decisions among three or more alternatives. c. individuals, due to a desire to "fit in," quietly go along with the apparent decision of the whole even if they disagree with it. d. political leaders learn from previous successes and failures, and adjust their behavior accordingly to maximize the likelihood of future successes. e. government officials make small changes to existing policy rather than start from scratch when making policy decisions.