When Tom goes to the free-throw line during a basketball game, he engages in a repetitive jerky movement of his neck before he shoots the ball. Tom's behavior is an example of a(an):

Ryan, age 8, was cut from the school soccer team. After the initial disappointment, he became a boy scout,

which he really enjoyed. Now as an adult, when he didn't get into graduate school, rather than become depressed, Ryan found a job in his field that he enjoys, and plans to try again later. This is an example of A) a necessary and sufficient cause. B) the steeling or inoculation effect of some stressful experiences. C) the diathisis - stress theory. D) the interactive model of the diathesis - stress theory.

When taking tests such as the Scholastic Assessment Tests or the Graduate Record Examinations, the test administrator reads the test instructions to the examinees. This procedure helps to ensure

a) randomization b) standardization c) unification d) similarity