The Solomon four-group design allows a researcher to measure ______.
a. all confounding variables that may be present
b. the effect of taking the pretest on the scores on the posttest
c. group differences between the control and experimental groups
d. the causal effect of the treatment
Ans: B
Psychology
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A seasonal pattern of symptoms is most likely to be a characteristic of
A) learned helplessness B) a negative explanatory style C) bipolar disorder D) rumination
Psychology
If we want to conclude that a given variable has a causal relation with a second variable, we have to be able to rule out other possible causal variables. The principle of causation involved here is the
a. covariance rule. b. internal validity rule. c. causal ambiguity rule. d. temporal precedence rule.
Psychology