Mutism

In Rosenthal and Jacobson's (1968) study of the effect that teacher expectations had on the performance of selected elementary school students, the changes in student intellectual performance were attributed to the

a. way that the teachers behaved toward the special students. b. ability of the psychological tests to predict who the "academic spurters" were likely to be. c. support that was given to the special students by their peers. d. removal of the "normal" students from the classroom.

Which of these illustrates that we hear and understand much more information than actually enters conscious awareness?

a) focused attention b) cocktail-party phenomenon c) dichotic listening experiments d) motivational effects on perception