In the hierarchy of prostitution, the bottom rung of the ladder goes to

Chinese culture traditionally advocates an approach to knowledge that strives to reconcile contradictions and combine opposing perspectives by seeking a middle ground. According to Peng and Nisbett (1999), what type of thinking is this?

pragmatic thought || dialectical thought || formal operational thought || concrete thought || || ||

A mute mental patient is first given a token each time he or she says a word. Next, tokens are given for speaking a complete sentence. Later, the patient is gradually required to speak more often, then to answer questions, and eventually to carry on a short conversation in order to receive tokens. This gradual improvement of the patient's communication skills is an example of

a. shaping. b. reciprocal inhibition. c. classical conditioning. d. systematic desensitization.