The dual court system refers to the federal court system and the fifty-state court systems.

The provision that a successful candidate for president must win at least a quarter of the vote in most states is designed to

a. ensure a basis of nation-wide support for an elected president. b. guarantee that candidates will campaign in most states. c. force candidates to deal with national, not local, issues. d. provide more opportunities for "chop­chop" deal making. e. increase voter turnout.

In the context of the structure of American political parties, both major American political parties:

A. are closely knit or highly organized. B. are fragmented and decentralized. C. have a central power and a direct chain of command. D. are fashioned in such a way that a single individual or group can direct all party members. E. are organized in such a way that all party members are at the same level.