If Johanna purchases a bond for $4,500 that promises to pay her $5,000 one year later, what is the interest rate on the bond?

When economists talk about the gains from trade they mean that

A) no one ever gets hurt by trade. B) the benefits of trade outweigh the losses. C) business firms benefit from trade but not necessarily individuals. D) trade increases government revenue through taxes on imports. E) economic restructuring is usually quick and painless.

Which of the following statements is true?

a. The national debt is the current year's amount by which the government is spending more than it collects as taxes. b. Deficits are financed by the government issuing for sale more government securities. c. The debt ceiling refers to the amount of debt at which the government is officially declared as being bankrupt. d. Internal national debt is the portion of the national debt owed to foreigners.