Brittany has experienced depression most days for the past two years. She reports a loss of appetite and low energy, but has not experienced a major depressive disorder or a manic episode. She is demonstrating characteristics of:

According to the introductory discussion about perceptual processes,

a. humans have relatively primitive perceptual processes, compared to models created by artificial intelligence. b. although perception appears to be straightforward, it actually requires more cognitive effort than tasks such as problem solving. c. unlike other cognitive tasks, perception requires only bottom-up processing. d. perception requires both information from the stimulus and knowledge about previous perceptual experiences.

In traditional cultures, who invariably assists the mother in the birth process?

a. the father b. the oldest daughter c. older women d. nurses