Decision-making by sub-elites reduces strain on the national political system by

The quality of an experiment is judged by its internal validity. When we say that an experiment is internally valid, it means that

a. our operational definitions of the dependent and independent variables accurately capture the concepts those variables are meant to represent. b. within the context of the experiment, each time we take a measure of the dependent variable from a participant, we get roughly the same result. c. our operational definitions of variables are valid, but only within the context of that one experiment. d. we can confidently state that any observed changes in the dependent variable result from manipulations of the independent variable(s) and nothing else.

The invisible hand metaphor associated with Adam Smith suggests that:

a. as long as government uses its “invisible hand” to intervene in the economy there will be growth b. forces within the market will always work towards increased profits c. forces in the market transform self-interest into benefits for the greater good d. only through the provision of state-led capital projects will market forces become more efficient