Which president referred to the practice of citizen lawmaking as the "gun behind the door?"

The beginning of the American party system had its roots in the division between

a. loyalists to the crown and supporters of the revolution.  b. supporters and opponents of the Washington administration.  c. urban and rural citizens.  d. Federalists and Anti-federalists.   

The verdict of Plessy v. Ferguson directly resulted in which of the following? 

A. The integration of public schools in the South B. The development of a system of legalized racial segregation C. The end of racial segregation D. A constitutional amendment granting Congress more power to deal authoritatively with racial problems E. A complex system of busing to alleviate the effects of past racism