Interpret the impact of negative ads on the outcome of a campaign, as evidenced by the 2012 U.S. presidential election
A) Negative ads are effective in swaying voters unidentified with a political party.
B) Negative ads almost always assure a win for the party that runs them.
C) Voters tend to tune them out, and thus, they have little effect.
D) Campaigns profit from negative ads by attacking their opponent's weak points.
C
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Legislative reforms and modernization have led to state legislatures with which of the following characteristics?
a. Greater professionalization of the legislative career, increased polarization of the legislative process, and morefragmentation of the legislative institution b. Decreased professionalization of the legislative career, decreased polarization of the legislative process, andmore fragmentation of the legislative institution c. Greater professionalization of the legislative career, decreased polarization of the legislative process, and lessfragmentation of the legislative institution d. Decreased professionalization of the legislative career, increased polarization of the legislative process, andmore fragmentation of the legislative institution
To ensure an organized government, what must a constitution accomplish? a. Clarify who are the major officials of the government
b. Determine how major officials of the government are elected. c. Establish what the relationships are among those charged with governmental functions. d. Ensure that major officials do not have discretion to determine whether constitutional provisions apply to given situations e. All of these must be accomplished by a constitution.