A reinforcer that adds something rewarding to a situation is called a(n) __________ reinforcer

__________ predicts the quality of the grandparent–adult grandchild relationship

A) Proximity B) The amount of practical assistance an adult grandchild provides C) Degree of grandparent involvement during childhood D) Age of the adult grandchild

Emma left home to attend college and lived on her own until she got married. As her own children grew up and left home, her parenting responsibilities declined. She eventually retired and her husband died

This series of phases that Emma has experienced is referred to as the A) family life cycle. B) dual-loss model. C) social clock. D) cultural structure.