________ goal orientation focuses on the inherent value of learning and improving one’s knowledge and skill

Researchers conducted a study with Spanish-speaking kindergarteners. They were interested in learning whether young children would benefit from explicit test-taking training

The researchers randomly assigned students and taught half of the kindergarteners' test-taking strategies, while the other half of the kindergarteners drew pictures. They found that those who had received training in test taking received higher scores on a school readiness test compared to the children who had received no training. Thus, the researchers manipulated test-taking training, or the ___________ variable, and saw the results of their manipulation in the ___________ variable. a. dependent; independent c. reliable; unreliable b. independent; dependent d. unreliable; reliable

Distinguish between bottom-up and top-down processing

What will be an ideal response?