There are few truly global brands

Consumers know that some fraction x of all new cars produced and sold in the market are defective. The defective ones cannot be identified except by those who own them. Cars do not depreciate with use. Consumers are risk-neutral and value nondefective cars at $10,000 each. New cars sell for $8,000 and used ones for $2,000. (Note that since buyers are risk-neutral, the price of a new car reflects the expected value of purchasing a car that may or may not be defective.) What is the fraction x?

A number of economists have estimated the impact of unionization on workers' wages. Which of the following is one conclusion reached by these studies?

A) Holding constant the impact of other factors that affect wages, being in a union has no impact on a worker's wages. B) Being in a union increases a worker's wages by about 10 percent, holding constant other factors that influence wages. C) Union workers earn less than they would if they were not unionized. This is because of the impact of workers' strikes, during which union members do not receive wages. D) The share of national income received by workers has increased significantly over time; unions have been responsible for about one-half of the increase in workers' share of national income from the end of World War II to 2000.