Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research on the relationship between encoding and retrieval?
a. Chad: "Performance at retrieval is consistently best for those items that were encoded with deep levels of processing."
b. Juan: "When retrieval emphasizes shallow processing, then shallow processing is more effective at the time of encoding."
c. Silvia: "The research on source monitoring casts doubt on the relationship between encoding and retrieval."
d. Saundra: "For visual stimuli, encoding and retrieval are closely correlated; for auditory stimuli, they are not."
Ans: b
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Which of the following individuals was important to developing the understanding that nerve cells communicate using electrical signals?
A. Hermann von Helmholtz B. Rene Descartes C. Paul Broca D. Phineas Gage