By what age do children clearly recognize the difference between truthfulness and lying?

A student is attempting to train a dog to salivate to a tone at a given frequency. The student’s procedure on each of 100 trials is to present food powder, then to present a brief tone, and then to measure the dog’s salivation to the tone presented alone. The major problem with this procedure is that

a) Salivation is an inappropriate UCR b) Dogs often fail to pay attention to the CS when it is a tone of unvarying frequency c) Extinction will take place on some of the trials d) The UCS precedes the CS rather than vice versa e) The UCR is not sufficiently similar to the CR

Any event that follows a response and decreases the likelihood of the response occurring again is referred to as

a. negative reinforcement. b. punishment. c. positive reinforcement. d. secondary reinforcement.