Who devised the first "modern" treatment of mental disorders by manipulating iron rods

If you put a cat mask on a dog, a preschooler will tell you that this dog is now a cat. This is an example of which one of the limitations of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

a. egocentric thinking c. reversibility b. centration d. the ability to conserve

Nick is the lead in the school play. He's been very anxious since taking the part because he's terrified of messing up and ruining the production, so he's rehearsed his lines endlessly for months. This is an example of __________

a. avoidance motivation b. primary needs c. approach motivation d. cowardice