Surveys conducted over the internet:

How do party-independent expenditures differ from soft money?

a. Party-independent expenditures are spent by parties, whereas soft money is spent by candidates' campaigns. b. Unlike soft money, party-independent expenditures can only use funds raised with normal hard money contribution limits. c. Unlike party-independent expenditures, soft money is subject to disclosure requirements. d. Party-independent expenditures are limited to party-building activities, whereas soft money can be spent on election communications.

Which of the following is a possible advantage of parliamentary systems as compared to presidential systems?

A) Parliamentary cabinets are held directly accountable to voters, and thus work closely with the legislature. B) Because the prime minister is held directly accountable to voters via approval ratings, parliamentary systems are more likely to pass legislature quickly and effectively. C) Presidents often become involved in scandals, trapping their administrations in bureaucratic quagmire and slowing legislature. D) Parliamentary cabinets can be quickly overturned, and thus, such systems can avoid the paralysis experienced in many presidential systems.