Which species is probably the most aggressive on earth?

Which of the following does Ivan Pavlov's classical conditioning involve?

a. Substituting one stimulus for another b. Elimination of conditioned responses c. Respondent behavior that is unlearned d. All of these are correct.

Research has shown a positive correlation between the amount of time children spend watching television and their levels of aggression. It is possible that the actual cause of this relationship involves harsh parents who act aggressively toward children (teaching them to be aggressive) and whose violence leads children to avoid them at all costs (including by watching television). This example

illustrates the issue of a. the third variable. b. a reversed cause-effect relationship. c. time of measurement effects. d. plasticity.