The rate of responding is reduced by punishment

Peter wants his ten-year-old daughter, Dorothy, to be a better planner. One day, Peter and Dorothy are preparing to go on a long hike together. Peter reminds Dorothy to pack her backpack with everything she will need for the hike

After hiking for an hour or so, Dorothy gets hungry and searches her backpack for a granola bar, but she forgot to pack one. Peter has a few granola bars in his pack. Because Peter wants to help Dorothy become a better planner, he should ___. a. show her how prepared he is, and give her a granola bar from his pack b. tell her that as a consequence of poor planning, she will have to wait to eat until they get home c. scold her and yell angrily that he told her to pack everything she would need d. give her a granola bar from his pack, but tell her that next time she will have to be a better planner

Patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are a. equally likely to be male or female

b. more likely to be female than male. c. more likely to be male than female. d. more likely to be female if the PTSD results from combat, but more likely to be male if the PTSD results from other types of trauma.