Contested primaries are most common when a strong incumbent is running.

Why do the authors of this text consider correlated-groups designs to be experiments?

A) They maximize error variance. B) They always use score data. C) They randomly assign all participants to conditions. D) They meet the requirement of equivalence of groups.

Japanese prime ministers experience short terms in office due to __________

a. pressure from the emperor to resign b. term limits c. frequent no-confidence votes d. party fragmentation