There is a tendency for an infant to react to a stimulus with generalized, whole-body movements at first, with responses becoming more specific and refined later. This trend is referred to as which of the following?

Researchers have developed several explanations for the observation that people recall information more accurately if they try to connect that information with themselves. Chapter 5 noted that one likely explanation is that people are more likely

a. to use encoding specificity when connecting information to other people, so this problem leads to memory errors. b. to use auditory cues when connecting information to other people, so this problem leads to memory errors. c. to think about how this information is related to themselves, so this enhances recall. d. to picture themselves in an unusual context, and this novel context enhances recall.

When Justin looked up at the night sky, he perceived the three stars that make up the belt in the constellation Orion as a single complete figure, rather than as individual stars. Justin's perception of the night sky illustrates the Gestalt principle of

a. proximity. b. closure. c. similarity. d. figure-ground.