An unwarranted positiveness or certainty in matters of belief or opinion is called

In a famous set of studies, dogs who were exposed to unavoidable shocks were later unable to learn an escape response. This is an example of

a. displaced aggression b. progressive failure of adaptation c. learned helplessness d. general adaptation syndrome

LaTanya is only two years old, and recently she has begun playing with an imaginary friend whom she has named Bonnie. LaTanya's parents wonder why this is occurring, as LaTanya has two older siblings and often has play dates with other children her own age. What would you advise her parents?

a. I'm not sure! While imaginary friends may promote some important social skills, they are so uncommon that one can't help but wonder why LaTanya needs Bonnie! b. Watch out! It is not a sure thing that this is a problem, but kids with imaginary friends have a tendency to develop fewer positive characteristics as they grow. c. Worry! Research has found that children with imaginary friends have more difficulty making real friends later in life. d. Relax! Having an imaginary friend is common and is associated with many positive characteristics.