Paul decides to give the police the wallet he found because he thinks he'll likely get a reward. According to Kohlberg, at what level is Paul's moral reasoning?

In manipulating independent variables, which types of variables involve variations in the directions that participants receive prior to the study?

a. Environmental variables b. Instructional variables c. Task or activity variables d. Invasive variables

Psychodynamic therapies, of which psychoanalysis was the first, tend to

a. focus on helping clients gain deeper insight into their conscious thoughts, emotions, and behavior. b. use learning principles to make constructive changes in behavior. c. stress the need to gain insight into the unconscious forces assumed to control us all. d. be less concerned with insight than with helping people change harmful thinking patterns.