In the wake of the Protestant Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church launched a reform movement known as the

Which element in Guanguacó establishes a sense of a tonal center?

a. the upper-register harmonic figures in the piano b. the lower-register ostinato melody in the piano c. the vibraphone d. the marimba

CD 1:13, “Nag Biegu” (“Ferocious Wild Bull”) praises a king of Dagbon in the late 1800s (Naa Abdulai). “As they dance to the drumming, people recall the bravery of the king.” The piece is in a verse-chorus form (verse = A, chorus = B). “In the verse, the vocalist and leading luna drummers praise Naa Abdulai . . .”—answered and punctuated by “booming, single stokes.”

The drummed chorus phrase is easily heard and identified as a rhythmically structured pattern which keeps returning after the vocalized verses. (See close listening, WOM, p. 88.) Listen to the recording, refer to the accompanying Close Listening chart, and identify what you hear in the drums at the beginning of the selection and, in elapsed time (minutes: seconds), where the sung verses (A) and choruses (B) occur. What will be an ideal response?