When journalists or historians write "Russia did X" or "Washington believes Y," they are implicitly advancing the state-centered view of which theory?

Which of the following was an important precedent set by George Washington in his judicial appointments?

a. He sought the advice of senators in appointing justices. b. He appointed individuals with no affiliation with a political party. c. He appointed individuals with prior experience as attorneys. d. He appointed political and ideological allies to the federal courts.

Throughout most of its history which political office was generally considered insignificant and of little consequence?

a. attorney general b. secretary of state c. Speaker of the House d. vice president