Psychological studies involve the use of many variables. Which of the following variables could bias research findings?

When the Supreme Court decided that the Eighth Amendment prohibition on "cruel and unusual punishments" forbids the application of the death penalty to offenders who commit murder before the age of 18 (Roper v. Simmons, 2005), the majority of justices used a(n) __________ approach as a basis for their decision

a. attitudinal b. flexible interpretation c. new institutionalism d. judicial intention

Which of the following groups is most affected by the increased attention to human security issues?

a. young men b. women and children c. middle-aged men d. the elderly