Which of the following words and phrases best captures the notion of equality?

Private producers have no incentive to provide public goods because

A) they cannot avoid the tragedy of the commons. B) production of huge quantities of public goods entails huge fixed costs. C) once produced, it will not be possible to exclude those who do not pay for the good. D) the government subsidy granted is usually insufficient to enable private producers to make a profit.

richer, ceteris paribus, because transaction costs will be lower and trade greater

What will be an ideal response?