Strict voter registration requirements reduce fraud but also reduce voter turnout.

Suppose that a large city in Texas has a

population that is 50 percent non-Hispanic white, 30 percent Latino, and 20 percent African American. It has a city council of 12 members. Which of the following election systems would you expect minority-rights groups to support most strongly? a) An all single-member district system, because the Voting Rights Act would ensure that districts would be drawn to enhance the election chances of Latino and African American candidates. b) An all at-large election system, because minority candidates would be guaranteed to win half the seats because they represent half the population. c) An all at-large election system, because minority voters could participate in the election of every member of council. d) A mixed system of district and at-large seats, because minority voters would be ensured of winning at least half the council seats. e) It does not matter what kind of election system is used.

In politics, the bourgeoisie

a. emerged as a political force in seventeenth-century Europe. b. refers to the "upper class" elite. c. usually aligns with a more powerful central government. d. tends to favor aristocrats over parliaments in exercising power.